Understanding Risk Analysis flow

Risk is the potential loss to an organization. Projects usually have weaknesses or environment that may present threat to the project. The weaknesses can be called as vulnerabilities. Risk identified during planning phase needs to have some corrective actions called as controls which will come into action, if some risk is triggered. The controls are expected to reduce the risk or remove the risk as much as possible. Although controls and risk analysis can reduce the risk, but we can act as much as possible to reduce risk using the process.

 The risk is turned into a loss by threat. A threat is the trigger that causes the risk to become a loss. While it is difficult to deal with risks, one can deal very specifically with threats. Threats are reduced or eliminated by controls. Thus, control can be identified as anything that tends to cause the reduction of risk. If our controls are inadequate to reduce the risk, we have vulnerability. Vulnerability, therefore, can be defined as a flaw in the system of control that will enable a threat to be exploited. Risk Analysis is the process of evaluating risks, threats, controls, and vulnerabilities 

Scenarios that can happen based on how risk was handled during planning.

Case 1: Risk identified in Risk Analysis and proper control identified in case such scenario arise in future. Loss will be minimized or risk will be avoided in this case. Even in case of loss to Organisation, Stakeholder would be satisfied as the risk was expected to happen and with control in Place, the impact of the loss was reduced considerably

Case 2: Risk was identified during planning phase but proper control were not provided during analysis, thus loss was reduced but still the scenario could have been done in a better manner.

Case 3: In case no risk Analysis is in Place, in case a threat is triggered, It sends out panic within the team, though some action will be taken by stakeholder, but chances of loss to organisation are very high and it is highly possible that it is too late to correct the mistake and the loss has already done to the project. Thus impacting team, confidence with client, client business and relationship and own business also.

Once a risk happen, we have to take either of the control action which are described below:

• Avoid the Risk – We should try to avoid the risk to convert into planning control activities to avoid risk.

• Mitigate the Risk – In case a risk becomes an event and control were defined during planning to reduce the risk. We should have mitigation controls in place already defined during planning that would reduce impact of the risk.

• Transfer the Risk – Insuring the project or transfer of work to specialized external team is a good way to transfer the risk in case avoiding the risk or mitigating the risk are not feasible .

• Accept the Risk – There may be risk that does not have any solution and are not able to be channelized using either of above control action. An example could be change in regulations for a regulatory work. Such risk although should be analyzed during risk Analysis Phase

Risk Analysis should be done at different levels, and not only at leadership skill. Even risk Analysis should be done in everyday life periodically to identify if we are on right track or not.

In this series, in next article we will discuss on Risk templates, common risks in Quality, types of risk and how risk analysis happens

Identifying Elements in Selenium – Using By

In the previous article, we discuss on the concept and difference between FindElement and FindElements. While FindElement returns the first  webElement matching the condition, FindElements return a list of Web Elements.

We can identify a web Element using the class Name, Id, css Selector, link Text, name, partial link Text, tag Name, or Xpath property. Let us discuss now what these properties are and how to extract these in an HTML Page. We can identify the DOM structure of the objects in page. In Firefox browser, we can install the firebug add-on to identify the properties of element.

In Internet explorer, Chrome, or Firefox, Press F12 which will open the developer toolbar. Installing Firebug or similar add-on in browser helps to identify the object’s property in a better way, so is recommended to install firebug add-on in Firefox to extract object information to be used to identify object properties in a better way.

Let us take a simple example of link for Gmail in the Google Page, to understand how we can use properties in selenium to uniquely identify the element in the Page.

Consider code as shown in below image. We are focusing on element link for Gmail.

For the element gmail in the Page, we have following information from the firebug. It is a link, so tagName of the object is “a”, classname of the object is “gb_g”, Id is “gma3”, href is https://mail.google.com/mail/?tab=wm. nad name is "tna";

Now to identify this element in the Page in Selenium using different by method is explained below: 

Using Id - Id attribute can be used to uniquely identify web element in the Page. Since Id is unique for a web element in the Page. If Id is provided for an object, we should use Id to identify the object uniquely.

So suppose we use Id to uniquely identify the web element, the syntax will be:

WebElement usr= driver.findElement(By.id("gma3"));

Using TagName – We usually use tagName to find list of elements in the Page. A common example includes finding number of link in the Page.

List<WebElement> logi = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));

System.out.println(logi.size());

      Using ClassName - The class attribute specifies the class of element defined. Several objects in the Page can have same class and is usually useful  o get a list of objects. 

E.g: there are five edit boxes in a form. Once we click on submit with invalid data in the forms. Five different error messages will be displayed, and is very much possible, all will have same class. Using ClassName and findelements, we can get a list of webelement and extract the error message using getText Method;

WebElement usr= driver.findElement(By.className("gb_g"));

In case of using findElement, first object identified by properties will be selected as webElement.

Name - Finds element /element (s) that match the name attribute supplied.

WebElement usr= driver.findElement(By.name("name"));

      linkText – Find element that matches the exact text of the link, used for element of type link only.

     WebElement usr= driver.findElement(By.linkText("gmail"));

   partialLinkText – Find element that matches the text partially of the link based on text provided, used for element of type link only.

     

     WebElement usr= driver.findElement(By.partiallinkText("gma"));

   cssSelector – As Per Wiki Definition,In CSS, selectors are used to declare which part of the markup a style applies to by matching tags and attributes in the markup itself. Based on location of objects, its property, e.g : Id or className or relative location in the Page, we can identify the element. We will discuss various scenario and syntax to identify the element using css.

In the current example, we can identify link Gmail using css in following ways.

WebElement usr= driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("a. gb_g")); Or

WebElement usr= driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("a#gma3")); Or

WebElement usr= driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("a#gma3.gb_g")); Or

WebElement usr= driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("a[name=tna"));

      Xpath – Xpath is a query language for selecting nodes from an XML document. XPath is rendered on most HTML Pages

WebElement usr= driver.findElement(By.xpath("//a"));

WebElement usr= driver.findElement((By.xpath("//a[@id='gma3']"));

WebElement usr= driver.findElement((By.xpath("//a[contains(@href, 'https://mail.google.com/mail/?tab=wm')]”));

How to Use FindElement(s) to identify Elements in Selenium WebDriver

The objective of this article  is to understand object Identification in selenium for the basic login Page in the application.Let us assume we have username/Password available for website. In this example, We will click on Link for Login, provide username and Password and click on Login button and validate login is successful.

Since we have to perform action on different objects, we need to identify objects or elements in the Page based on properties of the object. We use findElement or findElements to find a particular element or a list of element satisfying the object description. 

The findElement() method returns a WebElement object based on object description and throws exception if it does not find any element matching the object description. To return a webelement object, below is the syntax:

WebElement elemlink = driver.findElement(By.linkText("log in"));

Once we have the webelement defined, we can perform required action on the element. E.g: clicking a link, inputting text in an edit box or get text of the object.

Methods to work on an object using Selenium

In this example, we find collection of all elements in list elemlnk which have tagName as a, i.e collection of all the links in the page. Once we have the list, we can validate if a particular link is available in the Page by comparing the text or validating for broken links in the page based on http response.List<WebElement> elemlnk = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));for (int i=0;i<elemlnk.size();i++)
{String strData = elemlnk.get(i).getText();}So now, since we are familiar with basic of WebElement and WebElements, We can go further with the original problem in the Page which was:In this article, we will click on Link for Login, provide username and Password and click on Login button and validate login is successful.

Code for the problem:public void LoginInSagenda() { try {//finding link in the page for login and clicking on the link. WebElement elemlink = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Log in")); elemlink.click(); new WebDriverWait(driver,40).until(ExpectedConditions.titleContains("Log in"));//once link is clicked, we will verify title of the new page if (driver.getTitle().contains("Log in")) { System.out.println("Title of the Page contains text :" + driver.getTitle();          } else { System.out.println("Title of the Page does not contains text : Log in"); } //define elements on which to perform action. Note we use different ways to identify object in page by using Id, name and xpath in the page WebElement usr= driver.findElement(By.id("Email")); WebElement pwd= driver.findElement(By.name("Password")); WebElement login = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Login']"));// perform required action in the objects identified. usr.sendKeys("abc@xyz.com"); pwd.sendKeys("abcxyz"); login.click();// dynamic wait until a particular condition is met new WebDriverWait(driver,40).until(ExpectedConditions.titleContains("Dashboard"));//once link is clicked, we will verify title of the new page if (driver.getTitle().contains("Dashboard")) { System.out.println("Title of the Page contains text :" + driver.getTitle());   } else { System.out.println("Title of the Page does not contains text : Dashboard");   } } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println(e.getMessage()); }

}

The findElements() method returns a list of WebElements matching the object description. If no elements are found, it returns an empty list.